what are four ways to punctuate two independent clauses
In that location are four primary ways to punctuate a list: with a comma, semicolon, colon, and nuance.
iii Types of Lists
There are three types of lists: numbered (ordered) lists, bulleted (unordered) lists, and bank check lists.
Numbered Lists
Numbered lists are created by using numbers and punctuation such as commas or periods. The items in a numbered listing can exist single words, phrases, or complete sentences.
For instance:
"Procedure to apply:
- Fill the awarding course and pay your application fee.
- Visit the Admin Edifice on Maple Street.
- Manus your form in person to Mrs. Smith, get an awarding reference number, and relieve it in a safe place."
Bulleted Lists
Bulleted lists are created by using bullets. The items in a bulleted list do non take to be complete sentences.
Note: For "bullets" yous can employ whatsoever symbol y'all like. You do not have to use round circles for bullets. It depends on the style guide yous are using. Some people, for case, utilise asterisks or diamonds and they look pretty too.
For example:
"Transportation options available:
- Airplane
- Transport
- Motorcar
- Wheel"
As you tin can come across, the bulleted list items do not have to be listed in whatsoever given order, in contrast to a numbered list.
Check Lists
A checklist is a bulleted list. Each item starts with a checkbox. Information technology is divers as "a list of items required, things to be done, or points to be considered, used as a reminder."
All the rules that apply to using of punctuation marks (to be explained in detail in the following sections) applies to checklists also.
How to Utilize a Comma to Punctuate a Listing
To punctuate a listing with a comma, put a comma afterwards each detail in the list, except the final one. For example:
I accept iii items on my list: milk, eggs, and bread.
NOTE: The second comma in the to a higher place judgement is as well known equally the "Oxford Comma" or "Harvard Comma."
In that location is no need for a comma when you are using a numbered (ordered) or bulleted (unordered) list:
"I have 3 items on my list:
- Milk
- Eggs
- Breadstuff"
Or:
"I accept three items on my list:
- Milk
- Eggs
- Breadstuff"
However, if you apply a conjunction like "and" to give your list a more literary flavor and joint, you can utilise a semicolon before the concluding particular:
"I have 3 items on my list:
- Milk
- Eggs, and
- "
"I accept three items on my list:
- Milk
- Eggs, and
- Bread"
Series of Actions
You tin can employ commas to separate a listing of actions related in fourth dimension or in some other way.
"After taking a shower I shaved, put on my socks; and finally went out the door with an umbrella."
Every bit you lot can see, the iii deportment described in the above listing follow ane some other logically in a time sequence. You lot cannot get out the door then accept a prove, can you?
Use commas if the listing is an integral part of the sentence:
"Milk, eggs, and breadstuff are ingredients for my favorite pancakes."
How to Use a Colon to Punctuate a List
A colon is used to introduce a list.
For instance:
"I dearest:
- Swimming
- Lifting weight
- Cycling"
"The items I need for the project are: paper, pencils, mucilage, and pens."
Start the first word after a colon with a lower-case letter.
"She had reasons to be happy: her marriage was going well and she earned good income."
"I have iv siblings: two brothers and ii sisters."
If the list starts with a proper name, start the starting time word subsequently a colon with an uppercase.
"I'one thousand going to three different stores: Walmart, Target, and Publix."
Colon is used to write time every bit well:
"4:25 a.m." "22:45" "5:20 p.grand."
How to Use a Semicolon to Punctuate a List
Using a semicolon is a catchy business. You have to exist careful when using a semicolon since it'south very piece of cake to use it incorrectly.
Semicolon does non split up isolated i-word list items. Information technology separates statements that are closely related "merely crave a separation more emphatic than a comma" (New York Times Manual of Style and Usage).
What do we hateful by "emphatic"?
"Emphatic" is an describing word that means "showing or giving accent; expressing something forcibly and conspicuously."
Sometimes a semicolon in a list is used to contrast ii opposing ideas and actions:
"My mom loves to travel; my dad does non."
Listing of Authors
A widespread usage of semicolons is when a number of authors are listed together with their title or position. You lot should employ comma afterwards the author's name merely a semicolon later on the title or position:
"The panel featured Jane Smith, NYT columnist; Ravel Pinto, an economist; and Ragu Patel; independent researcher."
List of Geographic Locations
You tin use the same idea when listing geographic locations:
"The cheapest burgers are sold in Rockcity, Montana; Praire, Illinois; and Tricity, Wisconsin."
Numeric (Ordered) Lists
There is no demand to use semicolons in numeric (ordered) lists:
"The console featured
- Jane Smith, NYT columnist
- Ravel Pinto, an economist
- Ragu Patel; independent researcher."
However, if yous apply a conjunction like "and" to give your list a more literary flavor and articulation, you tin use a semicolon before the last item:
"The panel featured
- Jane Smith, NYT columnist
- Ravel Pinto, an economist; and
- Ragu Patel; contained researcher."
Bulleted (Unordered) Lists
There is no need to use semicolons in bulleted (unordered) lists:
"The cheapest burgers are sold in
- Rockcity, Montana
- Praire, Illinois
- Tricity, Wisconsin"
All the same, if you use a conjunction like "and" to give your listing a more literary flavour and articulation, y'all tin can use a semicolon before the concluding detail:
"The cheapest burgers are sold in
- Rockcity, Montana
- Praire, Illinois; and
- Tricity, Wisconsin"
Two Independent Clauses
Remember that a semicolon can be used to connect 2 independent clauses that are related in significant. An contained clause is a complete judgement with a bailiwick, object, and a verb.
"I need to purchase 5 items at the shop: milk, eggs, bread, cheese and carrots; merely I don't take plenty coin."
How to Use a Nuance to Punctuate a List
Yous can use dashes inside a sentence to separate a list from the residuum of the sentence. That creates a more user-friendly judgement that is easy to read, sympathise, and retain.
Two Types of Dashes
At that place are 2 dashes: EM nuance (long) and EN dash (curt).
This is EM nuance: — (long)
This is EN dash: ‒ (short)
3 Means to insert dashes
- To insert these dashes in Word, select information technology from Insert (Tab) > Symbols.
- To enter an EM nuance on a Windows PC car, press Alt + 0151 on your keyboard.
- In Give-and-take, go to File > Options > Proofing > Autocorrect Options:
- Type two minus signs in the Replace field; Alt + 0151 in the WITH field. Click Add. Then click OK, every bit shown below:
Now every time you type two minus signs in a row, yous'll insert an EM dash hands: —
All-time Do: Employ the long EM nuance when using it to divide a listing from the balance of the sentence, as explained in the beneath examples.
Examples
Place the EM dashes before and afterward the listing. Use commas or semicolons as appropriate inside the list, every bit explained earlier in this commodity (see above).
An example with EM dashes and commas:
"The governors of Eastern states — Maryland, Delaware, New York, New Bailiwick of jersey — could not agree on a mutual action plan."
An example with EM dashes, commas, and semicolons:
"The recipients of the Sterling Prize — Jane Smith, NYT columnist; Ravel Pinto, an economist; and Ragu Patel; independent researcher — each won a prize of $100,00."
Employ EM dashes to set off a listing when the items are interrupted by words in the judgement.
"I was going to buy — milk, eggs, bread, and cheese — but I forgot."
Periods
Use periods to punctuate the cease of each sentence in a listing, no thing how long information technology is.
Example:
"I bought milk, eggs, bread, cheese, and ham. I also bought a carton of orangish juice, ii cans of tuna fish, and a box of crackers."
Parentheses
Utilise parentheses to enclose a list when it is mentioned parenthetically.
Example:
"The teacher (who is likewise my friend, advisor, and mentor) said I could use books and papers from class."
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Source: https://www.technicalcommunicationcenter.com/2021/12/14/how-to-punctuate-a-list/
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